In the first, an overview of the international legal customs as the oldest sources of international law is given. For this purpose, the writer uses new examples and arguments, opens many issues, does not hesitate to criticize certain positions. The work is an effort treats one of the most complex and many times elaborated problems of international law in at least partially different way. Thus, one group of them withdrew, the others fled abroad and continued their career in exile, while the third group (the majority of them) stayed in the country, raising new generations and laying the foundations of the Soviet science of international law, with all its positive and negative sides. Soon after the October Revolution (1917) there was a division among the scholars. Generally speaking, the Russian science international law of the time was quite advanced and advocated for the strengthening of international law, peaceful settlement of disputes, the renunciation of war, disarmament, etc. As early as 1880 the Russian Society of International Law was founded.
A number of original papers appeared, not just articles and monographs on selected issues, but the systemic works as well. However, already in the 19th century the Russian science of international law went through an unbelievable period of flourishing.
Shafirov The reflections on the legitimate reasons of the war against Sweden (1717) could not be characterized as such either. Moreover, even in the period from the 13th until 17th century there are neither theoretical, nor systematic works in the domain of international law. After the introductory part, the author refers to the Kievan Rus, to show that although it was undoubtedly an active participant in international relations (concluding international agreements, receiving foreign representatives, etc.) there is no evidence preserved on any papers that could be called the works of international legal science.
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